Examining Government Support for Disability Sports Development

Even though there have been many scientific articles that discuss people with disabilities in Indonesia, studies on government support for the development of special sports for people with disabilities are still few. The author will provide an overview of government support for people with disabilities in Indonesia in general and then focus on government support for the development of disability-specific sports. The method in the preparation of this article is a qualitative research method with a thematic study approach with the main subject of literature on policies on documents containing disability in Indonesia. To focus the study of the document, I take Jember Regency as the smallest scope of the source of the document. After that, I looked for articles that regulate sports for people with disabilities. This article will divide the discussion into several sub-themes according to the support provided by the government and the support that still needs to be optimized. Government support is meant to support the development of sports, accessible facilities, and infrastructure as well as funding support. This article seeks to provide input on the development of special sports for people with disabilities in Indonesia.


Introduction
Support for the development of sports for people with disabilities has occurred in various parts of the world.In Australia for example, support for the development of special sports for people with disabilities has existed since 1981.Even in the initial period of this support, the Australian federal government has made efforts to encourage recreational sports for people with disabilities and funding for athletes with disabilities.The funding seeks to achieve equality between non-disabled athletes and athletes with disabilities.(Hammond & Jeanes, 2017:4) In the Northern Hemisphere, support for the development of sports for people with disabilities is carried out with great enthusiasm.The Dutch government for example, has various special programs aimed at high-performing athletes with disabilities.The Dutch government actively provides financial support for disability-specific sports parents and organizes special events to encourage active participation with disabilities (Hoekstra, 2018(Hoekstra, :1219)).
In Canada, the government regulates sports for people with disabilities in a statutory regulation.They launched various programs to encourage the active participation of people with disabilities in sports.Furthermore, the Canadian government is working to increase the country's sporting capacity (Hoekstra, 2018(Hoekstra, :1222)).
The development of sports for people with disabilities has many advantages, the advantages that can be obtained for people with disabilities are not limited to health advantages, but also the advantages in the social world.In the development of sports for people with disabilities, there are at least five advantages that can be obtained: (1) maximizing the advantages of the initial rehabilitation process after an injury or illness, (2) facilitating community reintegration efforts after rehabilitation, (3) providing leisure time recreational opportunities, (4) increasing health and general wellness-related skills and fitness, and (5) providing a high-performance competitive experience that many athletes enjoy (Albrecht, 2006(Albrecht, :1497)).
The development of sport for people with disabilities in Africa has had a significant impact.Those who can carry out their sports activities feel alive with vigor and passion.One of them also stated that by exercising he could find amazing experiences.(Swartz, 2016:5).On the other hand, the audience's view of the special sports for people with disabilities in the Paralympics has changed little by little.From being disgusted at first then considering it as an extraordinary achievement.(Pullen, 2020:480).Of course, the support from every country that participates in international competitions also plays a role in this attitude change.

Disability In Indonesia
In the era before independence, a person with a disability had an important role.At least this is what is illustrated in the period of Prince Diponegoro's life.Prince Diponegoro as explained by Peter Carey (2014:73-75) has several panakawans.The Panakawans come from people with disabilities.Panakawan had an important role for Prince Diponegoro, because they became advisors and guides for the prince's children.
After Indonesia became independent in 1945, there were various regulations and policies regarding disability.Between 1945 and 2015 there were at least 114 regulations of various types.Of the 114 regulations, 40% are laws, 39% are government regulations, 19% are regional regulations and 2% are presidential regulations.With so many existing regulations, there is no single regulation that comprehensively addresses disabilities (Nursyamsi et al, 2015:24-29).At least, it lasted until 2016.
In 2016 the government of the Republic of Indonesia passed legislation regarding people with disabilities.The law is law number 8 of 2016 concerning people with disabilities.The emergence of legislation on people with disabilities in Indonesia has received a positive response from various parties.This pattern is followed by the issuance of derivative regulations that apply to district areas.It is also quite important to note that Disability Identity: Perspective for Policy Formulation | 63   the existence of a law on people with disabilities can be a pillar of democracy (Aldersey, 2011:161) Law number 8 of 2016 concerning to the people with disabilities contain complex matters.For this reason, studies and observations by various parties are needed.Observations can be made on the derivative regulations or also the practice of implementing the law.(Yuliato, 2021:14).The Indonesian government itself is working to develop indicators for the implementation of legislation on disability.
In developed countries, discussions about disability have taken place since before 2000.Even the issue of accessibility of both public spaces and government services through the internet has occurred since 2002.Accessibility of public spaces and public services is expected to encourage the active role of people with disabilities in various opportunities.(Jaeger & Bowman, 2005:89) Government support for the development of special sports for people with disabilities must be take place continuously.This is to ensure continuity and firm efforts to fulfill sports rights for people with disabilities.The government needs to emphasize a strong commitment to ensure the fulfillment of the rights of people with disabilities.Sports development activities can be carried out through various ongoing trainings.Continuous training will have a positive impact on the development of sports specifically for people with disabilities.(Mojtahedi & Katsui, 2016:8-9)

Method
This article uses qualitative research methods with a literature study approach with the main focus of thematic studies.(Kuckartz, 2019:183) The author collects regulations on people with disabilities that have been passed.The regulations collected include: laws, government regulations, presidential regulations, ministerial regulations and regional regulations.Next, the author sorts out the articles that have a direct relationship with the development of special sports for people with disabilities.The author then re-sorted these articles into three main sub-themes to show the Government's commitment to supporting the development of sports for people with disabilities.Government support that is sought to be explored includes the central government and the Jember Regency government as the smallest form.I chose Jember Regency in this study because I saw the massive struggle of people with disabilities.This can be observed from their efforts in fighting for equality in various fields of life.

Results
To make it easier to describe government support for sports development for people with disabilities, the author divides it into three main sub-themes as follows: • Coaching and development support • Support for providing sports facilities • Budgeting support

Coaching and Development Support
Government support for sports development sometimes varies.In fact, not infrequently this support is also closely related to the politicization of sports.This has also happened in Norway, where boxing was banned and required a long political struggle so that boxing fights were again allowed by the government (Seippel, 2018:6).
Support for the development of special sports for people with disabilities has been stated in law number 8 of 2016 concerning people with disabilities.However, in the law, it is still stated in general terms.Other, more detailed matters are regulated in government regulations and ministerial regulations.Since the existence of the law on people with disabilities, there have been improvements in the fulfillment of the rights of people with disabilities, both in terms of sports and in other social aspects.
In Law Number 8 of 2016 it is regulated on the sports rights for people with disabilities.The law describes the government's support for the development of sports for people with disabilities.This support is contained in the following articles: • Article 5 paragraph (1) letter j., • Article 15 which regulates sports rights for people with disabilities.The rights regarding sport for people with disabilities are described in nine main points.The nine points are: a, do sports activities; b, get the same award in sporting activities; c, obtain services in sporting activities; d, obtain accessible sports facilities and infrastructure; e, choose and participate in the type or branch of sport; f, obtain the direction, support, guidance, coaching, and development in sports; g, become a sports actor; h, develop the sports industry; and i, improve the performance and participate in championships at all levels.
• Article 83 paragraphs (1) and (2), it is explained that the central government and local governments must participate in developing sports for people with disabilities in at least three ways; a, sports education; b, recreational sports; c, sports achievements., • Article 143 letter f contains a prohibition on eliminating the right to exercise for people with disabilities., In the development of sports for people with disabilities there are three main focuses.The three main focuses include: educational sports, recreational sports and achievement sports.The central government to local governments has an obligation to ensure that these three focuses are met.The focus of sports development for people with disabilities is the constitutional commitment contained in the laws and regulations.
Sport for people with disabilities in terms of education is manifested in physical education lessons.This physical education is specifically given to children with disabilities in special schools as well as in inclusive schools.It should be noted that in physical Disability Identity: Perspective for Policy Formulation | 65 education for people with disabilities, there are special modifications and adjustments.This is adjusted to the physical condition of People with Disabilities.
"Adaptive physical education is a form of physical education service for students in special schools, both at elementary, middle and high school levels.There is a difference between adaptive physical education and non-disabled physical education where the learning process in adaptive physical education is regulated by using activities physical education that has been modified in such a way and allows students to participate safely and comfortably.Adaptive physical education and non-disabled physical education have the same goal, namely to improve movement skills, physical fitness, social skills, moral action and emotional stability."(Ashadi, 2019:2-3) In addition to special sports education for people with disabilities, the government also provides recreational sports that are also specifically for people with disabilities.Recreational sports are special sports to seek entertainment in special spaces.And it should also be realized that people with disabilities have the right to entertain themselves.This also includes the accessibility of these recreational areas.
"Sports can be done by all groups of people, including people with disabilities.Sports are not only related to achievement, but also as a way for people to fill their spare time, maintain health and improve physical fitness.Sports carried out by people with disabilities in the community are aimed at maintain health and improve physical fitness, including recreational sports.(Ashad, 2019:3-4) The sporting rights that are also owned by people with disabilities are professional sports.This sport refers to increased performance.Disability achievement sports or more easily called disability sports are achievement sports that are full of competition and are carried out by people with disabilities.The term for athletes with special sports disabilities is Paralympics.Meanwhile, the sports that are competed are adjusted to the abilities and physical conditions of People with Disabilities.Meanwhile, how to carry out competitions in special sports for people with disabilities considers the equality between the athletes."Like non-disabled athletes, Paralympic athletes (sports athletes with disabilities) also undergo coaching for achievement sports.This coaching aims so that Paralympics can develop their talents and potential.Paralympics.Achievement development in Indonesian disability sports is carried out by a disability sports organization which contains training activities carried out in stages, gradually and continuously starting from the regional, national to international levels under the authority of the Indonesian National Paralympic Committee (NPCI)."(Ashadi, 2019:4-5) Specific sports for people with disabilities are almost the same as non-disabled sports that are competed in championships.It's just that there are some adjustments and classification divisions.There are also sports that are only contested for people with disabilities.Classification is the stage where the committee of a special competition for disabilities examines the level of disability of participants to ensure that the competition takes place fairly.The sports that are competed are: archery/para archery, athletics/para athletics, badminton/para badminton, boccia, canoe, cycling/cycling, horseback riding/equastrian, soccer/football 5-a-side, goalball, judo, dance/para dance sports, powerlifting, rowing/rowing, shooting/shooting for sports, sitting volleyball, swimming/para-swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, triathlon, At the district government level, local government commitment is needed to realize support for the development of sports for people with disabilities.One of the regions that already has regulations regarding this is Jember Regency.In regional regulation Number 7 of 2016, matters related to the development of sports for people with disabilities are contained in the following articles: • Article 5 paragraph (1) letter j explains that people with disabilities have the right to exercise., • Article 15, regulates the scope of sports rights for people with disabilities.This article describes nine matters relating to the scope of exercise rights for people with disabilities.The nine things include: a, do sports activities; b, get the same award in sporting activities; c, obtain services in sporting activities; d, obtain accessible sports facilities and infrastructure; e, choose and participate in the type or branch of sport; f, obtain the direction, support, guidance, coaching, and development in sports; g, become a sports actor; h, develop the sports industry; and i, improve the performance and take part in championships at all levels • Article 27 letter g discusses the scope and fulfillment of sports rights for people with disabilities., • Article 122 paragraphs (1) and (2) states that local governments have an obligation to develop sports for people with disabilities which include: sports education, sports recreation and sports achievements., • Article 123 explains that the Regional Government has the obligation to foster and develop sports for People with Disabilities which is carried out and directed to improve health, self-confidence, and sports achievements.
• Article 190 letter f discusses the prohibition for everyone to eliminate sports rights for people with disabilities.
In the regional regulation of Jember Regency, it is explained that the local government has the responsibility to participate in the development of sports for people with disabilities."Local governments are obligated to foster and develop sports for People with Disabilities which are implemented and directed to improve health, selfconfidence, and sports achievements.'(Article 123) However, from the observations I have made, the support of the Jember Regency Government for the development of sports for people with disabilities is still far from optimal.
The coaching and development of sports for people with disabilities requires maximum support from the government.In particular, such support should also Disability Identity: Perspective for Policy Formulation | 67 encourage independence for people with disabilities.Independence in this case is the active role of disabilities in determining the important things they want to achieve and strive for.This should be encouraged as best as possible and minimize the participation of people outside of disability.Thus, independence can be formed slowly.(Gadacz, 1994:184) People with disabilities who have participated in various international and national competitions have had a positive impact.However, it does not mean that the organization of these events does not bring criticism.Even special sports competitions for people with disabilities at the international level have been criticized as medical models for people with disabilities.(McNamee, 2015:7).
In the context of developing special sports for people with disabilities, in each country there is a special sports committee for people with disabilities.The Special Committee for Sports for People with Disabilities is then registered with international associations in the field of disability sports.In China, for example, the country's sports committee is incorporated in several international associations (Guan & Hong, 2016:493).The international associations are: • International Paralympics Committee (IPC) • International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) • International Committee of Special Olympics (IPC) • International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) • Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CPISRA) • International Wheelchair & Amputee Sports (IWAS) • International Sports Federation for People with Intellectual Disability (INAS-FID) In Indonesia the Sports Committee for People with Disabilities is called the NPCI.NPCI stands for National Paralympic Committee of Indonesia.Its head office is in the city of Solo, Central Java province.While the management hierarchy is: Central management, regional administrators and branch managers.NPCI is also a member or part of several international sports associations specifically for people with disabilities.Article 5 of the NPCI by-laws explains that the sports committee is a member of the Asean Para Sport Federation (APSF) for the Southeast Asian level, the Asian Paralympic Council (APC) for the Asian level, and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) for the international level.In addition, NPCI is also a member of APSF, IBSA, and IBAD.
At the district level, the sports committee for people with disabilities is the Jember District NPCI.NPCI Jember Regency has a duty to develop sports potential for people with disabilities.NPCI Jember Regency has the responsibility to foster and develop the potential of athletes with disabilities in Jember Regency.In its implementation, the Jember Regency NPCI must synergize with the Jember Regency government.This is as stated in article 15 of Law number 11 of 2022 concerning sports namely, "The Central Government and Regional Governments are responsible for realizing the objectives of organizing Sports".District government support in coaching has an important role.The synergy between the district government and the disability sports committee at the district level can encourage athletes to increase their achievements.The synergy between the district government and the sports committee for disabilities at the district level can realize the goals of sports as stated in article 4 of Law number 11 of 2022.Among the goals of sports are to increase the unity and integrity of the nation, and to increase the dignity of an athlete and the athlete's area it originates.

Support for the Provision of Sports Facilities
The provision of facilities and infrastructure is very important in the development of sports for people with disabilities.This is because in some respects there are differences between public facilities for people with disabilities and non-disabled.Sports buildings and facilities should be designed with the accessibility of people with disabilities in mind.
The Government of the Republic of Indonesia has issued Government Regulation Number 42 of 2020 concerning accessibility to housing, public services, and protection from disasters for people with disabilities.With this regulation, the Government seeks to create accessible public spaces.Accessibility of public facilities based on this regulation must start from the planning period.
Article 10 paragraph (1) of Government regulation Number 42 of 2020 explains about accessibility in buildings.Buildings must be made with attention to facilities for people with disabilities.So, that people with disabilities can move to various rooms and other buildings easily.
In the second paragraph of Article 10 of Government Regulation Number 42 of 2020 it is explained about accessibility in open spaces.This is adjusted to the conditions and needs and takes into account the safety of people with disabilities.In the context of providing facilities and infrastructure in the world of sports, attention can be paid to the use of gently sloping fields.So, that the wheelchair can run well.
The most important support for the provision of infrastructure is the provision of sports facilities and infrastructure.This can include: accessible competition locations, appropriate training grounds, provision of training equipment, provision of appropriate organizational secretariats and ongoing government support.Facilities and infrastructure are very important in order to ensure the development of sports for people with disabilities runs properly.So that everyone with a disability can develop their sports potential and can improve their achievements and make the name of their area of origin proud.The existence of proper facilities and infrastructure is also an important factor in realizing an area or region that is inclusive and friendly to people with disabilities.

Budgeting Support
The existence of a budget or funding is one of the important factors for the implementation of support for the development of special sports for people with disabilities.Funding support from the government is very much needed, especially to ensure the continuity of coaching athletes.In addition, budget support will make it easier for sports organizations for people with disabilities to organize strategies and plans.
In presidential regulation number 86 of 2021 regarding the outline of national sports, the government's commitment to support in terms of funding has been regulated.Article 16 paragraph (1) explains that sources of funding for sports development can come from three things: 1).APBN., 2).Provincial APBD., 3). District Budget.The support is aimed at the development of general sports and the development of sports for people with disabilities.However, the realization of the budget will vary in each region in Indonesia.There is a need for special research to determine the amount of budgeting at each level.
One tangible manifestation of the funding support from the Indonesian government is the approval of Indonesia to host the 2021 ASEAN Paragames.The competition, which would ideally be held alongside the Asian games in Vietnam, could not be held due to various obstacles.Finally, NPCI volunteered to host the event.The request to host has been agreed by APC and has also been agreed by President Joko Widodo.This activity will take place in July 2022 in the city of Solo.
In Jember Regency, financial support for the development of sports for people with disabilities is still not optimal.This is according to the accountability report of the Jember Regency NPCI in the final management meeting.During one management period, the Jember Regency NPCI only received one grant, namely in 2022.Meanwhile, between 2018 and 2020, the Jember Regency government's support was very little.I have provided additional data from this information in the form of a link and can be accessed.
In 2022, the Jember Regency NPCI has received a grant of one hundred million rupiah.Based on the data I obtained (see additional data), the budget allocation is then used for coaching athletes, adding training equipment, purchasing laptops for organizational optimization, and incentives for administrators.Based on the report, the amount of the budget obtained is still far from sufficient.For this reason, the Jember Regency NPCI seeks a source of income from community participation.In this way, the budget constraints faced can be handled better.
The description of the data above shows that funding support from the Jember Regency government has a very important role.However, the limited funding received from the district government has resulted in less-than-optimal fulfillment for the development of athletes with disabilities.Jember District government support needs to be improved and optimized.Adequate funding support will at least reduce the barriers to coaching athletes with disabilities in Jember Regency.

Conclusion
Based on the source documents obtained by the author, several conclusions can be drawn in this paper.First, legally the government has committed to support the development of sports for people with disabilities.Second, the form of support is in the form of support for sports development for people with disabilities, inclusive facilities and infrastructure support and financial support.Third, the realization of these supports depends on the policies in each region.Therefore, further research is needed to ensure the realization of this support.

Recommendation
Further research is needed to observe the reality on the ground from regulations that contain government support for the development of sports with disabilities.

Confession
This work was compiled to fulfill the task in the journal study course at the Master of Social Education study program at the University of Jember.This course is taught by Dr. Nurul Umamah.

Potential Conflict
This paper does not have the possibility of a conflict of interest.

Source of Funds
The author did not receive financial support for the research and/or writing of this article.